Without this physical layer, the other layers cannot function. The first is the physical layer, including hardware, cables, satellites, and other equipment. The cyberspace domain is composed of three layers. One of the first references to the term cyberwar can be found in “Cyberwar Is Coming!,” a landmark article by John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, two researchers for the RAND Corporation, published in 1993 in the journal Comparative Strategy. Therefore, the threat of cyberwar and its purported effects are a source of great concern for governments and militaries around the world, and several serious cyberattacks have taken place that, while not necessarily meeting a strict definition of cyberwar, can serve as an illustration of what might be expected in a real cyberwar of the future. Everything modern society needs to function-from critical infrastructures and financial institutions to modes of commerce and tools for national security-depends to some extent upon cyberspace. Western states depend on cyberspace for the everyday functioning of nearly all aspects of modern society, and developing states are becoming more reliant upon cyberspace every year. Some states that have engaged in cyberwar may also have engaged in disruptive activities such as cyberespionage, but such activities in themselves do not constitute cyberwar.Ĭomputers and the networks that connect them are collectively known as the domain of cyberspace. Even though similar tactics are used in all four types of activities, it is a misinterpretation to define them all as cyberwar. Cyberwar should not be confused with the terrorist use of cyberspace or with cyberespionage or cybercrime. Cyberwar is usually waged against government and military networks in order to disrupt, destroy, or deny their use. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!Ĭyberwar, also spelled cyber war, also called cyberwarfare or cyber warfare, war conducted in and from computers and the networks connecting them, waged by states or their proxies against other states.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.
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